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![]() Ministerio de Obras Públicas
y Transportes photo
Despite being light weight, this bailey bridge in Tibás
can handle a dump truck.Second temporary bridge
planned for Tibás roadway By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Transport officials expect to begin putting up a second bailey bridge on national route 5 between San Juan de Tibás and Cinco Esquinas. Half the bridge there collapsed last week and the other half was undermined by the water in the waterway below. Highway engineers quickly erected a bailey bridge to span the absent piece of roadway that carried traffic to Tibás. And now they plan to install a second to take pressure off the undermined section. The collapse of the bridge cut water and other utility lines. Since then, the road has been one lane. This is the second time this year that the bridge has been damaged. In July the section that carries San José-bound traffic suffered damage from rain. Costa Rica is a heavy user of bailey bridges to span damaged stretches of roadway. The British created the bridges in the early 1940s to advance the war effort. The main advantage is that heavy equipment is not required to put the bridge into place. Workers just tip up the front end and roll it to bridge the damaged area. An identical bridge was put into use on the Interamericana earlier this month when heavy rain washed away a section of the roadway. Month will end with walk to celebrate desire for peace By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Government officials and students will mark the end of the patriotic month with a walk from the Mercado Central in San José to the Centro Nacional de Cultura Thursday. Once at the centro there will be a ceremony. September is designated the patriotic month in Costa Rica because Sept. 15 is the Día de la Independencia. The ministries of Cultura, Justicia and Educación are sponsoring the walk, called a Caminata por la Paz. President Laura Chinchilla and some of her ministers are expected to attend. The walk organizes at 8 a.m. when students from many of the downtown schools gather. And walkers step off at 8:30 a.m. Statistics have their day as decision-making tool Special to A.M. Costa Rica
The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean has joined the celebration of World Statistics Day, which, for the first time this Oct. 20 will raise awareness of the importance of statistics in decision-making, designing national development policies and government transparency, the agency said. World Statistics Day was established by resolution of the U.N. General Assembly in June under the theme celebrating the many achievements of official statistics, acknowledging their importance for national socio-economic development and as a basic pillar of democracy. The U.N. resolution asserts that it is essential for countries to count with national statistics capabilities in order to produce reliable and timely statistics and indicators that may serve as the basis for informed decisions based on the core values of service, integrity and professionalism. Job fair set for Thursday By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
At least nine private employers will be offering up to 350 jobs at a fair organized by the Municipalidad de San José Thursday in the Hotel Parque del Lago in Sabana Este. Organizers said that high school graduation is a requirement. Sought are applicants for sales, delivery, administrative assistants, call center operators, credit analysts, bank tellers, and restaurant workers, among others. The event starts at 8 a.m. and runs until 3 p.m., the municipality said. Iwo Jima leaving Nicaragua By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
U.S. military experts and members of non-government organizations are leaving Bluefields, Nicaragua, after finishing up the same type of humanitarian mission they completed this month in the province of Limón. The mission is Mission Continuing Promise 2010 and the boat is the USS Iwo Jima. The mission brought a team of medical, dental, veterinary and engineering professionals to work alongside their Nicaraguan counterparts. There were participants from 13 nations, including Costa Rica. The visit began Sept. 16 and lasted nine days.
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| A.M. Costa Rica third newspage |
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| Sala IV slaps concession agency for shortcut on land deal |
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By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
A fact of Costa Rican life is that sometimes it is better to plunge ahead with a project rather than stand by while all the approvals are obtained. In part, that is because the procedures to obtain approvals are so complex. But who would have suspected that the Consejo Nacional de Concesiones would do that same thing? The Sala IV constitutional court found against the Consejo |
in a decision announced Monday. The
Consejo in conjunction with the
Autopista del Sol took over and built an access road on land it did not
own and has not yet started the process to expropriate the section, the
court found. The Consejo put in a roadway, gutters and other improvements, and the two brothers who own the property appealed. They have the last names of Alfaro Quesada. The land is alongside the autopista in Concepción de Atenas. The court gave the Consejo 10 days to start expropriation process. The road connects two communities cut off by the construction of the main highway. |
![]() Instituto Costarricense de Turismo
photo
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| To celebrate the World Day of
Tourism, the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo organized these 70
volunteers to clean up the pedestrian boulevard downtown Monday. Some
40 persons were institute employees and |
30 persons came from various hotels. The tourism institute just kicked off a cleanup program that aims to remove garbage and trash from the eyes of visitors. The presence of trash is a major tourist complaint. |
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| You need to see Costa Rican tourism information HERE! |
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| A.M. Costa Rica fourth news page |
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| New genetic study rebuts intelligent
design argument |
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Special to A.M. Costa Rica
The more complex a plant or animal, the more difficulty it should have adapting to changes in the environment. That's been a maxim of evolutionary theory since biologist Ronald A. Fisher put forth the idea in 1930. But if that tenet is true, how do you explain all the well-adapted, complex organisms — from orchids to bower birds to humans? This "cost of complexity" conundrum puzzles biologists and offers ammunition to proponents of intelligent design, who hold that such intricacy could arise only through the efforts of a divine designer, not through natural selection. A new analysis by Jianzhi "George" Zhang and coworkers at the University of Michigan and Taiwan's National Health Research Institutes reveals flaws in the models from which the cost of complexity idea arose and shows that complexity can, indeed, develop through evolutionary processes. In fact, a moderate amount of complexity best equips organisms to adapt to environmental change, the research suggests. The findings will be published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week. The study focused on a genetic phenomenon called pleiotropy, in which a single gene affects more than one trait. Examples of pleiotropy are well known in certain human diseases, and the effect also has been documented in experimental animals such as fruit flies. Biologists also recognize its importance in development, aging and many evolutionary processes. However, pleiotropy is difficult to measure, and its general patterns are poorly understood, said Zhang, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. Even so, scientists have developed mathematical models of the phenomenon, based on certain assumptions, and have made predictions from the results of the models. Zhang and coworkers decided to test the assumptions against real-life observations by analyzing several large databases that catalog the effects of specific genetic mutations on traits in model organisms (yeast, roundworms and mice). Each data set included hundreds to thousands of genes and tens to hundreds of traits. For simplicity, mathematical models of pleiotropy have assumed that all genes in an organism affect all of its traits to some extent. But Zhang's group found that most genes affect only a small number of traits, while relatively few genes affect large numbers of traits. |
What's more, they
found a "modular" pattern of organization, with genes
and traits grouped into sets. Genes in a particular set affect a
particular group of traits, but not traits in other groups. In addition, the researchers learned that the more traits a gene affects, the stronger its effect on each trait. All of these findings challenge the assumptions underlying the classic mathematical models that suggest complexity is prohibitively costly. When Fisher first wrote about the cost of complexity, he argued that random mutations — which, along with natural selection, drive evolution —are more likely to benefit simple organisms than complex organisms. "Think of a hammer and a microscope," Zhang said. "One is complex, one is simple. If you change the length of an arbitrary component of the system by an inch, for example, you're more likely to break the microscope than the hammer." In a paper published in 2000, evolutionary geneticist H. Allen Orr of Rochester came up with additional reasons for the cost of complexity. According to his model, even if a mutation benefits a complex organism, it's unlikely to spread throughout the whole population and become "fixed." And even if it does that, the advantage of the mutation is likely to be small. By incorporating a more realistic representation of pleiotropy, Zhang's analysis found the reverse of Orr's arguments to be true. Although Fisher's observation still holds, reversing Orr's assertions minimizes its impact, thus reducing the cost of complexity. Further, the analysis showed that the ability of organisms to adapt is highest at intermediate levels of complexity. "This means a simple organism is not best and a very complex organism is not best; some intermediate level of complexity is best in terms of the adaptation rate," Zhang said. The new findings help buffer evolutionary biology against the criticisms of intelligent design proponents, Zhang said. "The evolution of complexity is one thing that they often target. Admittedly, there were some theoretical difficulties in explaining the evolution of complexity because of the notion of the cost of complexity, but with our findings these difficulties are now removed." |
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| Readers react favorably to new Spanish news summary service |
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By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Reader response to A.M. Costa Rica's translated Spanish-language news was enthusiastic and positive Monday. The newspaper surveys the Spanish-language press early each morning and then publishes a brief fair use summary of the most relevant. The summaries are linked via a translation program to the original news story. So readers can see La Nación, El Diario Extra, Al Día and other newspapers in the original format but in English. Unlike other English-language newspapers, A.M. Costa Rica does not take material from the Spanish papers to use in its own news stories. News stories written here are based on original sources. For 10 years A.M. Costa Rica editors resisted the temptation to steal news material from the local Spanish newspapers. Technology and international law now provide a legal way to give readers what they may need under the concept of fair use. Editors believe that this service, online as Costa Rica Report, will let expats improve their Spanish language ability and also give them a broad view of what is happening in the country. Some readers commented on the uneven quality of the translations, but what is seen today is far better than what was available several years ago, and the software continues to improve. Others noted that they can find the original Spanish-language news articles online and then compare them to the translated version, thereby improving their own vocabulary. Some advertisers wrote to say they liked the new service, too, because it brings more readers to the pages of the newspaper. In fact, more than 700 pages were served by Costa Rica Reports in the first 16 hours that the free service was available. The goal is to have the news posted in feed format by 8 a.m. Monday through Friday. |
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Latin American news Please reload page if feed does not appear promptly |
Opponents
of Chávez say they got 52 percent of vote By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
and wire service reports Opponents of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez say they received 52 percent of the popular vote. But they only got 65 seats and supporters of Chávez got 98. The opposition 40 percent of the vote is enough to prevent the president from railroading through major legislation. Such measures take a two-thirds vote. Chávez, on the other hand, denied Monday that his supporters lost the popular vote. He said the opposition was lying and using incorrect figures. He also argued with a radio reporter who asked him pointed questions. Opposition groups said the results marked a key victory in their attempts to place a check on Chávez. Election officials announced the results at 2 a.m. Monday in Venezuela, following delays at polling stations outside the capital, Caracas. The head of the Consejo Nacional Electoral, Tibisay Lucena, said officials waited to release numbers until the outcome of a handful of tight races became clear. She said, in spite of a few glitches, the vote was a success. Ms. Lucena offered congratulations to candidates who won, and those who lost, saying it was a great contest. Two seats went to a party that split from the ruling socialists this year. For some opposition candidates, the vote results showed a clear message of support from voters. In Caracas, opposition candidate Maria Corina Machado said Venezuelans do not want to see the country pushed further toward communism. Machado said the people have rejected the current national assembly, adding that elected lawmakers must work to represent all of the country and not just part of it. Opposition leaders said the results showed they had claimed 52 percent of the general vote across Venezuela, defeating the ruling socialist party. However, a new redistricting plan has boosted the number of national assembly seats in areas with relatively lower populations, they said. The governor of northwestern Zulia state, Pablo Pérez, said the nation's election system prevented opposition candidates from claiming 52 percent of seats in the National Assembly. But he said the vote was a clear victory for the opposition. Perez said the challenge is for all opposition leaders to be prepared to work with the government and socialist lawmakers to help the country. Many voters say the new assembly must be prepared to tackle growing problems, such as rising inflation and unemployment, and violent crime fueled in part by the illegal drug trade. Meanwhile the opposition is looking toward the 2012 presidential vote. Another offshore earthquake By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
There was another quake offshore from Montezuma in the tip of the Nicoya peninsula at 8:33 a.m. Monday. Earthquake experts said the tremor had a magnitude of 4.1. That is roughly the same area where a5.0 quake took place Sept, 16. that was followed by at least 60 aftershocks. |
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