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A.M. Costa Rica's Second news page |
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San
José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 239
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 Consejo Nacional de
Vialidad photo
A
sure sign of the dry season: Putting down asphalt on Ruta 702 at La
Tigra.These are sure
signs of the dry season
By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Forget the nippy weather and forget the short, quick showers. Sure signs that the dry season approaches are the work crews painting the lines on the highway and other crews putting down asphalt. Both types of highway efforts are popping up like mushrooms all over the country. The Consejo Nacional de Vialidad noted Tuesday that it is investing $1 million in putting down new asphalt on Ruta 702 between La Tigre and Bajo Los Rodríguez. The crews will be closing the highway for a time, the Consejo said, suggesting alternate routes. This is a 9 kilometer section. Municipal crews in Nicoya also were busy last week putting down a new center line. Winds bring choppy seas to both coasts By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Ocean experts at the Universidad de Costa Rica are predicting choppy and higher than normal seas on both coasts at least through Thursday. The Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología at the university said that strong winds from the north are creating difficult boating situations in the Caribbean and in the north Pacific. Such conditions are dangerous for small boats, said the Centro. The Caribbean is seeing seas of 2.8 meters, and the Pacific will see seas of 1.9 meters and winds of 19 knots, it added. Children's museum lighting is tonight By the A.M. Costa Rica state
The traditional holiday activity of illuminating the facade of the Museo de los Niños takes place tonight, and law enforcement units are closing off as a precautionary measure Calle 4 that leads to the museum. The street will be for pedestrians only, mainly parents and children. In addition, east and west traffic on avenidas 11 and 7 will be interrupted. These are major arteries. The 6 p.m. event features drama, mostly for children, music and fireworks. The museum is in the former national prisons and resembles a castle. Down at the Teatro Nacional again tonight and Thursday are choral presentations with a Christmas theme. The theater already has inaugurated its portal or nativity scene. Saturday the Municipalidad de Palmares said that some 20 bands are expected for the holiday parade there. There also will be floats in the Una Luz en Navidad. In Nicoya, participants are getting ready for the Festival de la Luz Nicoya Brilla 2014 that takes place Sunday, which also is the 166th anniversary of the creation of the canton. The festivities begin at 2 p.m. with a concert, then a session of the municipal council. At 6 p.m., the parade is planned. The event ends with fireworks at the Iglesia Colonial de San Blas.
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A.M. Costa Rica Third News Page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 239 | |
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| Court halts government from skimming credit card transactions |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
A court has delayed for a time the tax agency's plan to skim a percentage of credit card sales. The Cámara de Comercio de Costa Rica said it received notice from the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo that the plan was being put on hold. The chamber had appealed to the court on behalf of its commercial sector. The Dirección General de Tributación said in August that it was asking banks to withhold 2 percent of every credit or debit card transaction. That was supposed to begin Oct. 1. The money that was to be retained is supposed to be applied to future income tax payments. If the amount is in excess of what the |
taxpayer owes at
the end of the year, the balance is supposed to be returned. The chamber noted in a press release that it attempted to reach an agreement with the tax agency and said it even sent letters that were not answered. The tax agency is promoting the use of credit card debit cards because it can then keep track of sales and income from taxpayers. Although the 2 percent does not seem like a lot of money, expats and others in the tourism business said that the retention would negatively affect their financial stability. Any action from the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo can be appealed. |
| Hundreds of organizations rallied to oppose Moín
container terminal |
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By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Environmental activists say that hundreds of organizations have joined them in opposing approval for the proposed $1 billion container handling facility in Moín. The list is lengthy and includes mostly environmental and native organizations, but there also is Kokopelli Costa Rica, which describes itself as a community whose objective is to promote a culture following the Hopi Indians. The proposal for the terminal now is before the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, a section of the environmental ministry. The proposal is to build an artificial island as a deep-water port off |
the existing
Moín docks. The activists raise a number of questions about the
impact. A statement delivered via email says the organizations are not opposed to the port but seek a port that cares for the environment and the social and economic interests of the country. APM Terminals, a Dutch firm, has agreed to build the project as a concession. Some of the beneficiaries would be monoculture agricultural firms. The environmental activists generally oppose these operations, too, because of the pesticide use and runoff. The statement also makes note of a proposal for a second terminal in the same location and urged that what it called the errors of the past not be repeated. |
| The proposed value-added tax is expected to be presented soon |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
President Luis Guillermo Solís soon will send to lawmakers a proposal for a value-added tax expected to be 15 percent. The proposal is certain to generate a lot of sharp debate because the president just managed to have passed a 2015 budget that is 19 percent greater than the current year's. The president rejected calls for modest cuts totaling 3.8 percent. Many observers consider the new budget business as usual with the country borrowing vast sums to support the government bureaucracy. Some 43 percent of the approved budget will come from borrowing, and this will add to the national deficit. Solís also is beginning to assume the trappings of an imperial president. A local television station reported Tuesday night that he has been using a King Air aircraft for his foreign flights. That was an |
aircraft
confiscated from drug smugglers and turned over to security
ministry officials. Solís has flown to Bogotá on the craft, the station said, estimated in the cost at $75,000. Prior presidents took commercial jets, except for Laura Chinchilla Miranda, who got into public relations trouble when she accepted fights on an aircraft owned by a company with dubious activities. The Beechcraft King Air is valued at about $3.4 million. When it went into services with the security ministry in October, no mention was made of it being used by the president. The craft was supposed to be used for emergency medical flights and fighting the drug trade. The president also is known to be considering trying to overturn a veto by Ms. Chinchilla of a labor reform that would permit strikes by public agencies. That seems to be a shortcut in lieu of presenting a similar bill for legislative action. |
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| A.M. Costa Rica's Fourth News page | |||||
| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 239 | |||||
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| When
Arctic was balmy, megafauna made it their home for a time |
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By
the American Museum of Natural History news staff
Existing age estimates of American mastodon fossils indicate that these extinct relatives of elephants lived in the Arctic and Subarctic when the area was covered by ice caps. This is a chronology that is at odds with what scientists know about the massive animals' preferred habitat: forests and wetlands abundant with leafy food. In a paper published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, an international team of researchers is revising fossil age estimates based on new radiocarbon dates and suggesting that the Arctic and Subarctic were only temporary homes to mastodons when the climate was warm. The new findings also indicate that mastodons suffered local extinction several tens of millennia before either human colonization -- the earliest estimate of which is between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago -- or the onset of climate changes at the end of the ice age about 10,000 years ago, when they were among 70 species of mammals to disappear in North America. "Scientists have been trying to piece together information on these extinctions for decades," said Ross MacPhee, a curator in the Department of Mammalogy at the American Museum of Natural History and a co-author on the paper. "Was it the result of over-hunting by early people in North America? Was it the rapid global warming at the end of the ice age? Did all of these big mammals go out in one dramatic die-off, or were they paced over time and due to a complex set of factors?" Over the course of the late Pleistocene, between about 10,000 and 125,000 years ago, the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) became widespread and occupied many parts of continental North America as well as peripheral locations like the tropics of Honduras and the Arctic coast of Alaska. Mastodons were browsing specialists that relied on woody plants and lived in coniferous or mixed woodlands with lowland swamps. "Mastodon teeth were effective at stripping and crushing twigs, leaves, and stems from shrubs and trees. So it would seem unlikely that they were able to survive in the ice-covered regions of Alaska and Yukon during the last full-glacial period, as previous fossil dating has suggested," said Grant Zazula, a paleontologist in the Yukon Palaeontology Program and lead author on the new work. The research team used two different types of precise radiocarbon dating on a collection of 36 fossil teeth and bones of American mastodons from Alaska and Yukon, the region known as eastern Beringia. The dating methods, performed at Oxford University and the University of California, Irvine, are designed to only target material from bone collagen, not accompanying "slop," including preparation varnish and glues that were used many years ago to strengthen the specimens. |
 American Museum of Natural History/George
'Rinaldino' Teichmann
In this reconstruction of
possible Arctic landscape, in addition to the American mastodon (Mammut americanum), illustrated is
Jefferson's ground sloth (Megalonyx
jeffersonii), the flat-headed peccary (Platygonus compressus), and the
western camel (Camelops hesternus).
All of the fossils were found to be older than previously thought, with most surpassing 50,000 years, the effective limit of radiocarbon dating. When taking mastodon habitat preferences and other ecological and geological information into account, the results indicate that mastodons probably only lived in the Arctic and Subarctic for a limited time around 125,000 years ago, when forests and wetlands were established and the temperatures were as warm as they are today. "The residency of mastodons in the north did not last long," Zazula said. "The return to cold, dry glacial conditions along with the advance of continental glaciers around 75,000 years ago effectively wiped out their habitats. Mastodons disappeared from Beringia, and their populations became displaced to areas much farther to the south, where they ultimately suffered complete extinction about 10,000 years ago." The work has several implications. Researchers know that giant ground sloths, American camels, and giant beavers made the migration as well, but they are still investigating what other groups of animals might have followed this course. The new report also suggests that humans could not have been involved in the local extinction of mastodons in the north 75,000 years ago as they had not yet crossed the Bering Isthmus from Asia. "We're not saying that humans were uninvolved in the megafauna's last stand 10,000 years ago. But by that time, whatever the mastodon population was down to, their range had shrunken mostly to the Great Lakes region," MacPhee said. "That's a very different scenario from saying the human depredations caused universal loss of mastodons across their entire range within the space of a few hundred years, which is the conventional view." |
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A.M. Costa Rica's Fifth
news page
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| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 239 | |||||||
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| Intel picked to make chips for Google's Glass device By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
U.S. semiconductor giant Intel Corp. will replace Texas Instruments, Inc., as the manufacturer of the chip powering the Google Glass. Intel has developed several ultra-small processors with low power requirements, important for wearable devices which rely in tiny batteries. The corporation is now making deals with other companies to get them to the market. According to The Wall Street Journal, Google Glass is expected to be marketable sometime next year, but it is still unclear whether it will be available to regular consumers. After numerous concerns regarding possible violations of privacy because of the Google Glass’s ability to video record whatever the wearer sees Google is shifting its marketing focus from private owners to the office environment. The company says Google Glass could be especially useful for people who work with their hands but need constant information updates, such as health care, manufacturing and construction workers.  Society of Antiquaries of London photo
This is the portrait which
appears to most closely resemble Richard's true appearance.
Society of Antiquaries of London DNA of
Richard III shows
he was a blue-eyed blond By the University of Leicester news
staff
An international research team led by Turi King from the Department of Genetics provides overwhelming evidence that the skeleton discovered under a car park in Leicester indeed represents the remains of King Richard III, thereby closing what is probably the oldest forensic case solved to date. The team of researchers, included Kevin Schürer, a professor of English local history and vice-chancellor for research at the University of Leicester. The research team published its findings online in the prestigious peer-reviewed journal Nature Communications. The team collected DNA from living relatives of Richard III and analyzed several genetic markers, including the complete mitochondrial genomes, inherited through the maternal line, and Y-chromosomal markers, inherited through the paternal line, from both the skeletal remains and the living relatives. The researchers also used genetic markers to determine hair and eye color of the king and found that with probably blond hair and almost certainly blue eyes he looked most similar to his depiction in one of the earliest portraits of him that survived, that in the Society of Antiquaries in London. The research team now plans to sequence the complete genome to learn more about the last English king to die in battle. Obama aide defends plan to shield 4 million illegals By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
The U.S. homeland security secretary coolly defended President Barack Obama's executive order on immigration Tuesday before a House committee in the face of Republican Party anger that might affect key government funding legislation. Secretary Jeh Johnson faced a firestorm of questions about the president’s action, which will shield more than 4 million undocumented immigrants from deportation and grant them work permits if they meet certain conditions. Johnson told members of the House Homeland Security Committee that the executive order wasn't illegal and wasn't an amnesty but would require those affected to come forward and register. "The reality is that, given our limited resources, these people are not, and have not been for years, prioritized for removal," he said. "It is time we acknowledge that and encourage them to be held accountable. This is simple common sense.” Republicans on the panel said the president was destroying the trust of Congress and the American people by taking unilateral action to allow the parents of American citizen children to stay in the country and to get work permits. Johnson, however, blamed House Republicans for not passing an immigration reform bill, as the Senate did in 2013. “I would like to work with Congress on passing a bill," he said. "The president has said that would be his preference. The problem is we have no partner in Congress.” That drew a spirited response from Rep. Jeff Duncan, a South Carolina Republican. “I think Congress can pass a bill, when the American people start regaining trust in the administration to actually do their job and enforce the laws that are already on the books," he said, slamming his fist on the table. Rep. Michael McCaul of Texas, another Republican, called Obama's executive action an end run around Congress that would only encourage more undocumented immigrants to try to enter the United States. "If we don't think that message is making its way back to México and Central America, we are simply fooling ourselves. We will see a wave of illegal immigration because of the president's actions," he said. McCaul said that several times the president had questioned his own legal authority to change the immigration rules, only to change course after last month's sweeping Republican gains in congressional elections. Obama said he took the action because the House had balked at considering the comprehensive immigration legislation approved by the Senate. House Republicans met Tuesday to discuss how to counter the president’s action. Speaker John Boehner said after the meeting that a number of responses to what he called a serious breach of our Constitution were being considered. "We have not made decisions on how we are going to proceed, but we are going to proceed.” With less than two weeks until a planned holiday recess, both the House and the Senate need to pass government spending bills by Dec. 11 to avoid another shutdown like the one that happened in 2013. Some congressional aides say the House may vote as early as this week on a symbolic measure saying the president cannot defer deportations, which is not likely to be taken up in the Senate. This would allow some Republican members to vent their frustration over immigration, while at the same time passing the spending bill to avoid another costly government shutdown. Hundreds in Bhopal march to mark 1984 tragedy By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Hundreds of people marched through the central Indian city of Bhopal Tuesday, waving flaming torches to commemorate the thousands who perished in the world's deadliest industrial disaster 30 years ago. In the early hours of Dec. 3, 1984, around 40 metric tons of cyanide gas accidentally leaked from a pesticide factory owned by U.S. multinational Union Carbide Corp. The toxic gas was carried by the wind into the surrounding slums. The government recorded 5,295 deaths. Activists estimate 25,000 people have died from illnesses in the years since. Many at the rally called for the clean-up of thousands of tons of toxic waste, buried by the company inside and outside the former plant. Activists say the toxic waste has seeped into the ground and poisoned the drinking water of 50,000 people living around the site. The company, now owned by U.S. based multinational Dow Chemical Co., says it settled with the Indian government for half a billion dollars and has no more responsibility. Human rights groups say the company has not done enough. The secretary general of Amnesty International, Salil Shetty, called the settlement inadequate, and said it provides an average of less than a thousand dollars per person to those affected by the tragedy. "This was a woefully inadequate amount which, I think, exposes a shocking level of indifference and contempt towards the victims in India," Shetty said. Russian forecast predicts slide into recession soon By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Russia is predicting it will slide into a recession next year. Moscow's economic development ministry said Tuesday it is forecasting the Russian economy will contract eight-tenths of a percent in 2015, down from an earlier projection of a 1.2 percent advance. Russia's economic fortunes are being buffeted by falling revenues on oil exports, the backbone of the state budget, and Western sanctions linked to Russia's intervention in Ukraine. The sanctions are hurting Russian banks and investment in the country is falling, while the value of the Russian currency, the ruble, against the U.S. dollar has dropped by more than 40 percent this year. The economic ministry said that its earlier, more robust prediction assumed that the sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries would be lifted next year, but said the new projection assumes continuing strong geopolitical risks. The forecast sees more capital flight from Russia, a drop of $125 billion in investment instead of the earlier $100-billion estimate. Russia's economy has been particularly hard hit by falling oil revenues, with the price of crude oil on world markets dropping by a third since June to $70 a barrel or lower. With the fall in the value of the ruble, inflation in Russia has accelerated, and could hit 9 percent in the coming weeks. The economic ministry estimated that the real incomes of Russians will diminish by 2.8 percent next year instead of the earlier prediction of a gain of four-tenths of a percent. The decline in the Russian economy is in line with gloomier prospects throughout the world, except in the United States, where the world's largest economy is showing marked improvement. Europe's 18-nation euro currency bloc, collectively the world's largest economy, is near a recession, while China's economy is slowing and the Japanese economy already is in a recession. Test for homosexuality claim ruled out by top EU court By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
The European Court of Justice said people seeking asylum on the basis of homosexuality cannot be subjected to tests, ruling them unconstitutional. In a decision announced Tuesday, the Luxembourg-based court said in assessing an asylum-seekers sexuality, European nations must respect their right to a private and family life. It said an applicant's submission to possible tests or submitting evidence would infringe on their human dignity and could lead to de facto requirements for other applicants to provide such evidence. It added national authorities are entitled to carry out interviews to determine the facts on an applicants declared sexuality, but those questions cannot probe into their sexual practices. The ruling is the result of an appeals case lodged by three individuals who were denied asylum in the Netherlands on the grounds their sexual orientation had not been proven. The Netherlands is one of several EU nations criticized for their handling of gay asylum requests. American couple permitted to leave Qatar after acquittal By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Qatar has lifted a travel ban against an American couple who were prevented from leaving the Persian Gulf state, despite being acquitted of charges in the death of their adopted daughter. The U.S. ambassador to Qatar, Dana Shell Smith, said Tuesday in a post on Twitter that the couple will be allowed to leave Qatar Wednesday. Smith said all requirements have been met to clear the way for their departure. The ambassador worked with Qatari officials to let Matthew and Grace Huang leave the country. Sunday, a Doha court overturned an earlier ruling against the Huangs, who were originally jailed on murder charges after the January 2013 death of their 8-year-old daughter Gloria, adopted from an orphanage in Ghana. The court said the couple were free to leave the country. But hours later, Qatari immigration officials blocked them from boarding a flight at the Doha airport and confiscated their passports. A family representative said they were told that a new arrest warrant had been issued for them. The family, originally from Los Angeles, moved to Qatar where Matthew, an engineer, was working on an infrastructure project related to the 2022 World Cup improvements. The Huangs, who are of Asian descent, initially were accused of starving Gloria to death to sell her organs, but later were jailed for three years on parental neglect charges. The public prosecutor pushed for the death penalty for the Huangs, who also have two other children of African descent. The Huangs were allowed to remain free pending their appeal, but could not leave the oil- and gas-rich nation. The couple say Gloria died of medical problems complicated by unusual eating habits that included periods of bingeing and self-starvation. Adoption and multi-racial families are rare in Qatar, a conservative Gulf Arab emirate. Qatar hosts an important American military air operations center at an air base outside the capital, Doha, that is being used as part of air strikes against the Islamic State group. |
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| A.M. Costa Rica's sixth news page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 239 | |||||||||
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 Erin
R. Spear/University of
Utah
A seedling being attacked by a pink fungus in Parque Natural Metropolitano, Panama. Pathogens may hold tree species in check By the Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute news staff
The forests on the Caribbean and Pacific sides of the Panamanian isthmus are separated by a mere 60 kilometers but are strikingly different in plant species composition. This has much to do with rainfall — precipitation on the Caribbean slope averages 4 meters per year, more than twice what falls on the Pacific side. Tree species have evolved or adapted accordingly. While it’s intuitively clear why wet-side species cannot survive punishing dry seasons, it’s a bit of a mystery why most drought-tolerant trees don’t appear in wetter forests. New research by Smithsonian scientists suggests that plant pathogens play a role. Pathogens have come into the spotlight as a key driver of biodiversity in tropical forests. The study, published in Journal of Ecology, shows pathogens may restrict tree species’ ranges, a finding that has implications for forest conservation in the context of climate change. The research may also recast one of the long-standing hypotheses seeking to explain tropical tree biodiversity. During an institute fellowship, lead author Erin Spear collected seeds from Panama’s forests using every method at her disposal, long forest hikes, kayak expeditions around the Panama Canal and ascents to treetops in the institute's canopy cranes. She then planted the seeds in common gardens, planting dry- and wet-side species on both sides of the isthmus. For 21 weeks, she monitored seedlings for damage and death caused by pathogens. All seedlings in wet forest gardens fared considerably worse. Compared to dry forest gardens, seedlings were 74 percent more likely to suffer pathogen-caused damage and 65 percent more likely to die from pathogen attack. Dry-forest seedlings were five times more likely to die when damaged by pathogens than their wet-forest counterparts. The elevated risk of pathogen attack in wetter forests combined with decreased survival for dry-forest species, suggests that pathogens help promote regional forest diversity. But the circumstances surrounding why dry-forest species suffer as much or more pathogen attack in a forest where they do not naturally occur is perhaps the most intriguing outcome of the study. Pathogens are generally believed to promote or maintain diversity because they keep tree species from becoming overly common. Known as the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, pathogens theoretically do this by being highly adapted to specific species. Under this scenario, a seed needs to travel far from its parent tree to escape host-specific pathogens. In theory, dry-forest trees should have been freed from their specific pathogens in wet forests and suffered less attack than in the dry forests. That this did not happen suggests that some, or many, pathogens are widespread and/or host-generalized. “If so, this will challenge the conventional thinking about the roles of pathogens in tropical forests,” said Ms. Spear, a doctoral candidate at the University of Utah. “That lack of escape presents a number of interesting follow-up questions.” Dry species’ greater susceptibility to pathogens may be key to understanding why trees grow where they do today, and it may provide insight for the future of Panama’s drier forests. “Greater pathogen sensitivity of dry-forest seedlings should be considered when forest management decisions are made,” said Ms. Spear. “We should conserve existing dry forests as dry-forest tree species are adapted to those specific conditions and may not be able to persist elsewhere.” |
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| From Page 7: Refinery adding strategic storage tanks By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The state petroleum monopoly says it is increasing its storage capacity as a strategic measure to guard against any human or natural disaster. The firm, Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo S.A., says it has invested 17 billion colons, some $32 million, in diverse projects, including three 100,000-barrel tanks at the Moín refinery for gasoline., diesel and bunker. Also constructed are two similar storage tanks for jet fuel in Barranca. Two older tanks are being dismantled and will be replaced by gasoline storage units. |
