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José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 27, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 235
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By the University of Wisconsin-Madison
It was fishermen off the coast of Perú who first recognized the anomaly, hundreds of years ago. Every so often, their usually cold, nutrient-rich water would turn warm and the fish they depended on would disappear. Then there was the ceaseless rain. They called it El Niño, The Boy, or Christmas Boy, because of its timing near the holiday each time it returned, every three to seven years. El Niño is not a contemporary phenomenon. It’s long been the Earth’s dominant source of year-to-year climate fluctuation. But as the climate continues to warm and the feedbacks that drive the cycle change, researchers want to know how El Niño will respond. A team of researchers led by the University of Wisconsin’s Zhengyu Liu will publish the latest findings in this quest in Nature. “We can’t see the future. The only thing we can do is examine the past,” says Liu, a professor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. “The question people are interested in now is whether it’s going to be stronger or weaker, and this requires us to first check if our model can simulate its past history.” The study examines what has influenced El Niño over the last 21,000 years in order to understand its future and to prepare for the consequences. It is valuable knowledge for scientists, land managers, policy makers and many others, as people across the globe focus on adapting to a changing climate. Using state-of-the-art computer models maintained at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado, the researchers — also from Peking University in China, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and the Georgia Institute of Technology — determined that El Niño has intensified over the last 6,000 years. The findings corroborate data from previous studies, which relied on observations like historical sediments off the Central American coast and changes in fossilized coral. During warm, rainy El Niño years, the coastal sediments consist of larger mixed deposits of lighter color, and the coral provides a unique signature, akin to rings on a tree. “There have been some observations that El Niño has been changing,” says Liu. “Previous studies seem to indicate El Niño has increased over the last 5,000 to 7,000 years.” Like an uptick in tempo, the feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere — such as how wind and seas interact — have grown stronger. But unlike previous studies, the new model provides a continuous look at the long history of El Niño, rather than a snapshot in time. It examines the large-scale influences that have impacted the strength of El Niño over the last 21,000 years, such as atmospheric carbon dioxide, ice sheet melting and changes to Earth’s orbit. El Niño is driven by an intricate tango between the ocean and the Earth’s atmosphere. In non-El Niño years, trade winds over the tropical Pacific Ocean drive the seas westward, from the coast of Central America toward Indonesia, adding a thick, warm layer to the surface of the western part of the ocean while cooler water rises to the surface in the east. This brings rain to the west and dry conditions to the east. During El Niño, the trade winds relax and the sea surface temperature differences between the western and eastern Pacific Ocean are diminished. This alters the heat distribution in both the water and the air in each region, forcing a cascade of global climate-related changes. The impact is extensive through Costa Rica and into the United States and Canada. Before the start of the Holocene — which began roughly 12,000 years ago — pulses of melting water during deglaciation most strongly influenced El Niño, the study found. But since that time, changes in Earth’s orbit have played the greatest role in intensifying it. Like an uptick in tempo, the feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere — such as how wind and seas interact — have grown stronger. However, even with the best data available, some features of the simulated El Niño — especially prior to 6,000 years ago — can’t be tested unambiguously, Liu says. The current observational data feeding the model are sparse and the resolution too low to pick up subtle shifts in El Niño over the millennia. The study findings indicate better observational data are needed to refine the science, like more coral samples and sediment measurements from different locations in the central Pacific. Like all science, better understanding what drives El Niño and how it might change is a process, and one that will continue to evolve over time. “It’s really an open door; we need more data to get a more significant model,” he says. “With this study, we are providing the first benchmark for the next five, 10, 20 years into the future.”
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 27, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 235 | |
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| Coastal zoning plans for municipalities are said to be
chaotic |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
No coastal canton in Costa Rica has a zoning plan that covers its entire area, said the Contraloría de la República in a report summarized Wednesday. The zoning plan, called plan regulador in Spanish, is vital for those who seek to develop projects. However, the Contraloría used the word chaotic to describe the situation. The majority of the coastal municipalities do not know the total of the properties in their territories or the areas they encompass, said the summary. In addition, the Contraloria's Área de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía said it was hard-pressed to know exactly how many plans exist because those at the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo are not the same as those at the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. In addition there are competing plans in some areas of some municipalities, it said. Such plans also are vital for the development of the maritime zone, known as the zona marítimo terrestre, where municipalities and the institute award concessions. The study also found that some 14 plans adopted by municipalities do not include correct geographical coordinates. The government has not provided the municipalities with the resources to correctly create the zoning plan, said the summary. The Contraloría did not suggest a quick fix. It called on nearly every agency of the government to work on the problem to restructure the method of creating such plans and to provide the resources to do it. |
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| Downtown shootout results in the deaths of two robbery
suspects |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
A man accompanying a lottery vendor engaged two robbers in a firefight Wednesday, and both assailants ended up dead. The shootout took place in the very center of San José near the offices of the agency that runs the national lottery, the Junta de Protección Social. The Judicial Investigating Organization said that two men arrived on a motorcycle as the lottery vendor was about to obtain Christmas lottery tickets for sale. The robbers took a briefcase that contained cash. |
A man accompanying
the lottery vendor tried to recover the briefcase,
and a robber fired on him, said agents. That is when the man pulled out
his own firearm and killed one robber, tentatively identified by the
last name of Vanegas. He was 27. The second robber began to fire his weapon and to flee. The lottery agent's associate chased him and returned fire. The fleeing man was mortally wounded. He was identified by the last name of Hernández. He was 32. Agents collected 15 shells at the location as well as a .22-caliber firearm believed used by a robber and a .45-caliber pistol used to defend the lottery vendor, they said. |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 27, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 235 | |||||
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| Unusual cup will allow astronauts to drink espresso at space
station |
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By
American Physical Society's Division
of Fluid Dynamics news staff Espresso-loving astronauts, rejoice! You may soon be able to enjoy your beloved beverage in space, thanks to a new cup designed specifically to defy the low-gravity environments encountered aboard the International Space Station. Italy is preparing to send an espresso machine to the space station, and so a team of researchers crafted a special cup to allow astronauts to drink in space in a manner similar to the one experienced on Earth: by replacing the role of gravity with the forces of surface tension. Espresso is distinguished primarily by a complex low-density colloid of emulsified oils. And, due to gravity, these oils rise to the surface to form a foam lid called the crema, the reliable production of which can make or break the reputations of baristas everywhere. "Because the variety of espresso drinks is extensive, we made specific property measurements to assess the effects of wetting and surface tension for Italian espresso, caffè latte and caffè Americano," explained Mark Weislogel, of Portland State University and a researcher involved in the project. "For some people, the texture and aromatics of the crema play a critical role in the overall espresso experience. We show that in low-gravity environments this may not be possible, but suggest alternatives for enjoying espresso aboard spacecraft." This quest for alternatives led to the design of the special 3-D=printable espresso space cup. "The shape of the container can passively migrate fluid to desired locations without moving parts -- using passive forces of wetting and surface tension," said Weislogel. "Its geometry is the smart part, |
 Portland State University/Mark Weislogel
The
special cup uses passive forces to move around the fluid.
which
operate the fluids-control system without requiring pumps or
centrifugal forces."
The primary challenge of the design, according to Weislogel, is making it work for a wide variety of poor wetting conditions which are typically associated with water-based beverages. "Fortunately, espresso is considered an oily drink, which means that it works nicely," he added. |
Here's reasonable medical care
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A.M. Costa Rica's Fifth
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 27, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 235 | |||||||
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| Police and weather stall more Ferguson protests By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
The streets of the midwestern U.S. town of Ferguson, Missouri, are calmer, following two nights of unrest over a grand jury decision not to prosecute a white police officer in the death of an unarmed black teenager. The city saw scattered protests late Wednesday, but a heavy police presence, snowy weather, and the upcoming Thanksgiving holiday presumably helped lead to smaller crowds than on previous nights. Earlier, hundreds of people demonstrated in front of the St. Louis City Hall on Wednesday, chanting “Shame, Shame.” Police arrested three people for failing to disperse, including one who also faces an assault charge. The August shooting death of 18-year-old Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson inflamed tensions in Ferguson and raised concerns about police violence and racial discrimination in the mostly black St. Louis suburb. Earlier this week, a grand jury unanimously decided there was no probable cause to indict Wilson, who says he feared for his life during the confrontation with Brown. Wilson told reporters Tuesday that he has a clean conscience "because I know I did my job right." Protesters across the country have used the case to highlight similar instances in which they say laws are not applied fairly towards African Americans. One of those cases gaining recent attention is that of 12-year-old Tamir Wilson, who was shot and killed by police in a park on Sunday in the city of Cleveland. On Wednesday, police released surveillance video showing that the child, who was holding a toy pellet gun, was shot within one to two seconds of police arriving at the scene. Officials say that the child ignored repeated police demands to put his hands in the air. A prosecutor is now deciding whether to pursue criminal charges against the officer in that case. Obama was more forceful in comments, analysts say By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
The violence in Ferguson caused President Barack Obama to use language more forceful than he has in the past about race, breaking taboos about the issue for Americans — many of whom hoped that having a black president in the White House would mean scenes like these would be a thing of the past. Violence erupted in Ferguson the night the nation learned that Darren Wilson, a white police officer, would not be indicted for fatally shooting Michael Brown, an unarmed black teenager. In appealing for calm, Obama said the situation in Ferguson speaks to broader challenges still facing the nation. “We need to recognize this is not an issue just for Ferguson," he said. "This is an issue for America. We have made enormous progress in race relations over the course of the last several decades. I have witnessed this in my own life, and to deny this progress is to deny America’s capacity for change. But what is also true is that there are still problems, and communities of color are not making these problems up.” Analysts say it is not the pain and anger alone of the demonstrators that prompted Obama to speak more openly about race relations. With only two years left in his term, they say, Obama has less to lose by taking the conversation on race relations a step further. “The political risk, obviously, he’s not running for re-election anymore, so that’s sort of mitigated," said Daniella Gibbs Leger of the Center for American Progress, a former senior aide to the president. "Is there other types of risk? Always, whenever you’re talking about race in this country. But I also think that it goes beyond the political risk, and it’s something that’s very personal to him.” Obama has spoken passionately on race issues before. In 2012, when black teenager Trayvon Martin was shot and killed in Florida in another racially charged case, the president said Martin could have been his son. This time, the president warned that inaction could lead to more tension and violence. “Those who are only interested in focusing on the violence and just want the problem to go away need to recognize that we do have work to do here and we shouldn’t try to paper it over,” he said. Michael Fauntroy, an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Howard University in Washington, said that while Obama’s remarks on race were more forceful than before, he questioned whether the president was forceful enough. “What happened in Ferguson, Missouri, and the aftermath that happened is something that the president was sort of forced to comment on," he said. "So, yes, that is true, he is breaking a taboo. But I hope that now that the taboo is broken, that he will actually do something with it.” When Obama took office, there were hopes among many Americans, both black and white, that America’s race problems would largely go away. U.S. courts Chinese tourists by loosening the visa limits By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
San Francisco is a major stop for Chinese visitors, and an agreement between China and the United States, announced in Beijing this month, promises to draw even more Chinese tourists to U.S. destinations. A day spent in the northern California city with some visitors from China shed light on some of the reasons they are coming. Major West Coast cities are must-see destinations for Chinese tour groups, which take in sights that include San Francisco’s iconic Golden Gate Bridge. Li Hong, who is here with her daughter, is impressed, saying, “It’s beautiful.” She said this is her first time in the U.S. It’s pretty, and unlike China, she said, where pollution is a problem in the major cities. Here she sees blue skies and white clouds. She said her first impression is good. Tourism from China is expected to grow since the announcement in early November that both countries will extend their multiple-entry business and tourist visas from the current one year to a maximum of 10 years. Harry Chen of San Francisco-based Joy Holiday takes Asian tourists to U.S. cities and scenic sites, including national parks. He said the visa change will help the economies of both countries. “And also I think it’s a great way to get the two cultures to learn from each other, to build friendship, understanding,” he said. Three friends from China sit on a bench at one of San Francisco’s scenic sites, the Palace of Fine Arts, with its Greek-style rotunda perched on the edge of a lagoon. Ni Xi from Shenzhen said she and her friends are at the start of their U.S. visit. She said they will stay in San Francisco for the day, then will visit Los Angeles, where they would like to go shopping, for three or four days. Then they'll go to the Grand Canyon for the scenery, she said, and Las Vegas, to see the casinos and other sights. It’s a common itinerary. While in San Francisco, visitors enjoy the distinctive neighborhoods. Tours stop in Haight-Ashbury, the psychedelic youth haven of the 1960s, and in the gay and lesbian Castro District. Tour guide LanKun Weidner said Chinese visitors find the diversity exciting. “You get to see people from all over the place, and food and architecture, and even lifestyles,” said Weidner. Across town, Linda Lee's company, called All About Chinatown, offers specialized walking tours. Both Western and Chinese visitors learn the history of the Chinese immigrants on the West Coast. Some scenes are familiar, like one shop that sells traditional Chinese medicine. A man behind the counter pounds the herbs to make a powder. But some are unfamiliar — like the tiny Chinatown shop making fortune cookies, a Chinese-American dessert invented in California. Linda Lee said the many private clubs found in Chinatown are new to the visitors from China. Some date to the 19th century and are still a haven. “All these private clubs were created by the Chinese to protect them and to make them feel at home,” she said. Australian cricketer dies after being hit by ball By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Australian cricketer Phil Hughes, who was struck in the head with a ball during a match this week in Sydney, has died. Team doctor Peter Brukner said in a statement the 25-year-old died Thursday, surrounded by his family and friends. Hughes had been put in a medically induced coma and underwent emergency surgery following the Tuesday accident. Brukner said Hughes never regained consciousness and was not in pain before he died. Hughes was hit just behind the left ear by a bounced ball while batting for South Australia against New South Wales at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Condolences poured in following the news of his death, including from Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott. Hughes is the second cricket player in as many years to die after being struck by a ball. Thirty-two-year-old South African player Darryn Randall died last year after being struck in the side of the head. The deaths have reignited debate over whether cricket batsmen are wearing enough head protection. Some U.S. stores plan to be open this holiday By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Never mind the traditional meal of roast turkey with family and friends on Thursday. For some, Thanksgiving Day marks the unofficial start to the holiday shopping season. Although some have called it the decline of an American tradition, consumers looking for the best bargains say they can’t wait to go shopping. Some people who have to work during the holiday see it as an opportunity to earn extra cash, but many others aren't happy about not being able to observe the occasion with loved ones. Kmart employee Donna Fisher was told she has to work or face the consequences — and she says that’s unfair. “There’s no choice in it whatsoever," she said. "It breaks my heart, it really does — to see this is all about the money, it’s not about Thanksgiving.” So her daughter Jillian launched an online petition demanding that Kmart allow its employees time off on Thanksgiving Day so they can be with their families. Thousands have signed the petition. The days ahead of Christmas and Thanksgiving are among the busiest travel days for Americans. While retailers insist the early start to the shopping season will make it more convenient for customers, others argue that the large crowds and the hype are not worth the savings. The Consumer Federation of America’s Stephen Brobeck believes the holiday marketing onslaught should begin after Thanksgiving. “I don’t know whether most Americans are concerned, but I am personally, in part because I don’t feel as if I have an adequate opportunity to count my blessings at Thanksgiving," he said. Those buying gifts are expected to spend more than $600 billion during the holiday season, or about 4 percent more than they did last year. Kmart is just one of a long list of stores trying to get a bigger share of consumer dollars. Macy’s Department Store plans to open today, as will retail giant Walmart. Illegal Asians may face deportation despite Obama By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
One group often overlooked in the U.S. immigration debate is the estimated 1.3 million illegal immigrants from Asia. President Barack Obama’s recent executive order can provide a temporary reprieve from deportation to about 400,000 of those people, but for many more, the future is uncertain. One such person is high school student Peter Liu in Los Angeles. He left China for the U.S. because there was illness in his family and they were struggling financially. He decided to overstay his tourist visa. Liu said it was a difficult decision, because he knew he probably wouldn't be able to see his family for many years. Now, as an undocumented immigrant, he is unable to work and worries about paying for college. Obama’s executive order does not help him, because he arrived after the cutoff date for deferred action for childhood arrivals. Liu said that even many of those who do qualify for temporary relief from deportation are hesitant to apply, because they are worried about how such an action will affect their families. One of the main objectives of Obama’s executive order is to keep families together by deferring the threat of deportation for illegal immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years and have children who are legally in the U.S. The executive action also allows them to work legally. However, those considered threats to security or who have criminal records will continue to face deportation. Cambodian refugee David Ros falls into that category. At 16, he killed a man and spent almost 19 years in prison. Because of that, he lost his permanent residency status and now awaits deportation. “I came here to this country with no English, no education, no money, and we struggled a lot," Ros said, "and as a result of our struggles I made a lot of mistakes in my life.” According to Asian Americans Advancing Justice — Asian Law Caucus, a legal and civil rights organization serving low-income Asian and Pacific American communities, Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders are deported for criminal convictions at five times the rate of other immigrants. National Immigration Law Center attorney Shiu-Ming Cheer said the reasons for this are complicated. She cited the failure of refugee resettlement policies and the fact that so many Southeast Asians live in communities where there’s already a high rate of crime. "There’s just a lack of support, a lack of social networks and institutions that might help give people options besides engaging in crime,” she said. Ms. Cheer said many of these Southeast Asians have turned their lives around after serving time in prison, including Ros. He now has a job, supports a family with two children, and volunteers. He hopes the law would change so a judge can decide who, with a criminal record, gets deported. “Bringing judiciary discretion back would be something that is the first step," he said, "because the judge can make a decision on the merit of the person — not who the person was but who the person is today.” Both Ros and Liu said they were speaking out despite the risk of deportation in the hope that lawmakers would hear their story and reform the immigration system in their favor. |
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2014 and may
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| A.M. Costa Rica's sixth news page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 27, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 235 | |||||||||
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Americans are split on whether President Barack Obama was right to take executive action to protect millions of illegal immigrants from deportation, according to a new poll. Quinnipiac University found 48 percent opposed to the president’s action while 45 percent supported it. The survey also found that 48 percent of those surveyed believed undocumented immigrants should be allowed to stay in the country and offered a path to citizenship. That is down from 57 percent who supported it a year ago. But the poll also suggests Republicans should be careful in how they respond to the president’s immigration order. Quinnipiac found that 68 percent oppose Congress shutting down the government as a way to block Obama’s action on immigration. Looking ahead to the next two years, the president’s executive action on immigration has far-reaching political implications for both major parties and could become a central issue in the 2016 presidential campaign. In defending his action in speeches around the country, Obama likes to remind voters that he took action mindful of the long-standing notion that the U.S. considers itself a nation of immigrants. "It’s not what we look like," the president told a supportive crowd in Las Vegas, Nevada. "It’s not what our last name is. It’s not where we come from. It’s not how we pray. What makes us American is a shared commitment to an ideal that all of us are created equal, all of us have a chance to make our lives what we will." Obama’s decision angered many Republicans who regard the action as a blanket amnesty for millions who came into the U.S. illegally. House Speaker John Boehner has promised a strong response, but he’s also been vague about what it might be and when it might come. "The president had said before that he is not king and he’s not an emperor. But he’s sure acting like one and he’s doing it at a time when the American people want nothing more than for us to work together," Boehner said. The president held off on his decision until after the midterm congressional elections, fearing any action before November would jeopardize several Senate Democrats engaged in tough re-election battles. But Republicans swept nearly all the close races and will have a majority in the Senate beginning in January. American University analyst James Thurber said it appears the president decided he had nothing left to lose politically and fulfilled his promise to act on immigration in the face of congressional gridlock over reform. "He is obviously thinking, 'well, the Republicans haven’t done anything and they probably won’t do anything’” on immigration, Thurber said. "'I’m going to get criticized for this anyway but I want to do the right thing, it will be part of my legacy and I’m going to go ahead and do this.' " The short-term political price could be steep, especially since Republicans will control both chambers of Congress next year, said Matt Dallek, an assistant professor of political management at George Washington University. "I think what you are going to see is a series of kind of aggressive acts on the part of the Republican Congress that attempt to send a message that they think that this action is unconstitutional," he said. Some conservative House members have raised the prospect of blocking funds to implement the president’s initiative on immigration. One of the leading opponents of immigration reform in the House, Iowa Republican Steve King, has also raised the possibility of trying to censure the president, a sort of official reprimand or rebuke by Congress. Republicans could also go to federal court to try to stop the president’s executive action, but Brookings Institution scholar Thomas Mann predicted that would be an uphill legal battle. "It is not easy for Republicans in Congress to take action that would deny him the ability to implement his own executive order or to take to the courts because the courts have largely upheld this kind of discretionary authority by presidents," Mann said. Whatever they decide to do in response, Republican pollster Whit Ayres said members of his party need to be careful not to offend Hispanic voters who are a growing constituency in U.S. presidential elections. "We got one-third of the Hispanic vote. We’ve got to do better with Hispanics, with Asians," Ayres said. "We’ve seen that coming. It is not arguable and it is simply the challenge that we have to meet successfully if we will ever elect another president." Obama’s willingness to act alone on immigration also signals a sharper focus on the judgment of history in his final two years in office, said author Aaron David Miller. "Well, I think this president – in the far fewer than 1,000 days that remain in his presidency – is going to be looking to shore up whatever his legacy is going to be at home and abroad," Miller said. The Quinnipiac poll also showed Obama’s approval rating at only 39 percent, a troubling omen for Democrats. |
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| From Page 7: Goat producers want better stock imported By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Farmers who raise goats want to seek better stock and semen from the United States, the European Union and Canada to improve the local herds. Some 700 persons took part in a discussion on the topic at a gathering of sheep and goat producers. Costa Rica has about 20,000 goats, said organizers. Carlos Boschini, a Universidad de Costa Rica professor, said the industry requires a major stimulus with the importation of new genetic material to repopulate and increase the size of the country's herds. He said the number should be doubled and that production of goat products still is low. The professor suggested calling upon the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal to allow the importation of animals and semen to boost production. Most of the goat operations now are small scale. Rodney Cordero, dean of the Universidad Técnica Nacional in Atenas where the session was held, said that there has been a recent increase in goat products. Now the milk is available in powder and the milk in fluid is registered and has all the permits necessary for sale. Goat and lamb also are positioned to be a gourmet option for consumers, he said. |
