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A.M. Costa Rica's Second news page |
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José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 229
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Road tax values
being questioned
By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
About 70 percent of the annual marchamo is taxes. And it is the Ministerio de Hacienda that approves the formula that assesses the value of each motor vehicle or other craft that is subject to the tax. Tuesday the ministry issued a statement defending its calculations. It said the formula has been reviewed by the Escuela de Estadística de la Universidad de Costa Rica and was fixed by law. The taxes also are levied on boats and aircraft. The rate ranged from 1.2 to 3.5 percent of assessed value. However, there is growing concern that the valuations are out of step with real market value. The ministry had an answer for that, too. If anyone believed that the assessed value of the vehicle is incorrect, there is a way to seek a change. The vehicle owner has to argue the case by using copies of classified advertising and similar evidence. Most will not because there is a lot of paperwork involved. The situation has caught the attention of some lawmakers and those in the vehicle trade. President's comment irks lawmakers By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Lawmakers have taken issue with the president's hope that development in the southwestern part of the country will not repeat the errors of the development model of Guanacaste. The president, Luis Guillermo Solís, made that statement when he visited the new museum for the stone spheres in Osa last week. It appears he also said that on a twitter feed. Marta Arauz Mora, a Liberación Nacional lawmaker, protested Tuesday and said that the presidential Web site is generating information indicating that it does not want foreigners to come and enjoy themselves in the country's beauty and culture. Another lawmaker, Johnny Leiva Badill, said the central government was failing to provide leadership for Guanacaste development and tourism. Retired professor died in crash By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
An 81-year-old retired university professor died in a one-vehicle crash near the Cañal Blancal bridge in Herradura Monday afternoon. He was identified as William A. Bussing, who was a U.S. citizen despite years of living here. A Costa Rican who knew him said that the Universidad de Costa Rica retiree considered Costa Rica his second country. He had been here for many years. The Judicial Investigating Organization said that Bussing was a passenger in a vehicle that skidded and struck a retaining barrier and utility pole. The driver was unhurt, the agency said. Bussing was a leading ichthyologist and had written extensively about fish. He was a member of the Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Bussing was a 1965 graduate of the University of Southern California with a master's degree in taxonomy and ichthyology. He began teaching here in 1962 and retired in 1991. He published a number of books and academic articles in English and Spanish on the topic and reported on the discovery of new species. General Cañas work calls for closures By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz said Monday that its employees will start painting the utility poles in the median of the General Cañas highway Nov. 24. The work is expected to last until Jan. 15. As a result the inside lanes of the highway will be closed in places, said the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes. The work will take place from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. and from 10:30 p.m. to 5 a.m. seven days a week. The break in the daytime will accommodate the morning and evening rush hour.
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A.M. Costa Rica Third News Page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 229 | |
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| Dispute over sovereignty heating up along the Río San
Juan |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The government has accused Nicaragua of entering Costa Rica and cutting some trees there. This is a continuation of the prolonged Río San Juan situation. Casa Presidencial released photos showing a boat and its crew working along the Costa Rican border and workmen cutting brush and logs. The border between the two countries is the south bank of the river for most of its distance. Earlier this week the government said that dredging in the river was undermining the Costa Rican bank. The International Court of Justice has yet to make a finding in the 2010 case where Nicaragua soldiers invaded Isla Calero in far northeast Costa Rica and tried to dig a channel to the Caribbean. Since then there have been periodic provocations by the Nicaraguans. Officials said that Fuerza Pública officers are now under orders to detain anyone who sets foot on Costa Rican soil without the legal right to do so. It was the Fuerza Pública that discovered the latest activity. Costa Rican officials also said they alerted the International Court of Justice to the situation and served a diplomatic note on Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan workers were quoted as saying they were cleaning the river. In the legislature members of the Partido Liberación Nacional said that the government should continue constructing the roadway along the south bank of the river. |
 Casa Presidencial photo
Police officer confronts workmen
along the river's south bankThe project was mired in corruption during the Laura Chinchilla presidency, but it did bring some public utilities to isolated communities along the river. Until the road way was built, residents could only use the river for transportation, and sometimes they were harassed by Nicaraguan soldiers. Nicaragua appears to be seeking access to the Caribbean for development along its side of the river. Much of the channel mouth is silted up. |
| More agencies try to defend their 2015 budgets from lawmakers |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Supporters of the cultural ministry were marching Tuesday to urge lawmakers to restore budget cuts. Today the minister of Justicia y Paz, Cristina Ramírez Chavarría, is expected to outline the damage budget cuts will do to her agency. She supervises prisons and the Registro Nacional, among others. The opposition Partido Liberación Nacional pointed out Tuesday that the reduced 2015 budget still is 11.7 percent when corrected for inflation and higher than the previous year The budget is supposed to be approved by Nov. 30, and as that date |
approaches more
government agencies will be lobbying for their budget.
University students are expected to do so again soon. Supporters of the Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud, noted that the budget already was reduced before a legislative committee got a hold of the document. It was there that a 3.8 percent overall cut was made before the document was sent to the floor. Elizabeth Fonseca, the culture minister, said that if the cuts were maintained her ministry would not be able to continue with a plan of decentralization. The Poder Judicial said Monday that it has appealed its proposed budget to the Sala IV constitutional court. |
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| A.M. Costa Rica's Fourth News page | |||||
| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 229 | |||||
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| Study rules out climate change for Bronze Age population
decline |
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By
the University of Bradford news service
Scientists will have to find alternative explanations for a huge population collapse in Europe at the end of the Bronze Age as researchers prove definitively that climate change, commonly assumed to be responsible, could not have been the culprit. Archaeologists and environmental scientists from the University of Bradford, University of Leeds, University College Cork, Ireland, and Queen's University Belfast have shown that the changes in climate that scientists believed to coincide with the fall in population in fact occurred at least two generations later. Their results, published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show that human activity starts to decline after 900 BC, and falls rapidly after 800 BC, indicating a population collapse. But the climate records show that colder, wetter conditions didn't occur until around two generations later. Fluctuations in levels of human activity through time are reflected by the numbers of radiocarbon dates for a given period. The team used new statistical techniques to analyze more than 2000 radiocarbon dates, taken from hundreds of archaeological sites in Ireland, to pinpoint the precise dates that Europe's Bronze Age population collapse occurred. The team then analyzed past climate records from peat bogs in Ireland and compared the archaeological data to these climate records to see if the dates tallied. That information was then compared with evidence of climate change across northwest Europe between 1200 and 500 BC. "Our evidence shows definitively that the population decline in this period cannot have been caused by climate change," says Ian Armit, professor of archaeology at the University of Bradford, and lead author of the study. Graeme Swindles, associate professor of earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, added, "We found clear evidence for a rapid |
change in climate
to much wetter conditions, which we were able to precisely pinpoint to
750 BC using statistical methods." According to Armit, social and economic stress is more likely to be the cause of the sudden and widespread fall in numbers. Communities producing bronze needed to trade over very large distances to obtain copper and tin. Control of these networks enabled the growth of complex, hierarchical societies dominated by a warrior elite. As iron production took over, these networks collapsed, leading to widespread conflict and social collapse. It may be these unstable social conditions, rather than climate change, that led to the population collapse at the end of the Bronze Age. According to Katharina Becker, lecturer in the Department of Archaeology at University College Cork, the Late Bronze Age is usually seen as a time of plenty, in contrast to an impoverished Early Iron Age. "Our results show that the rich Bronze Age artifact record does not provide the full picture and that crisis began earlier than previously thought," she says. "Although climate change was not directly responsible for the collapse it is likely that the poor climatic conditions would have affected farming," adds Armit. "This would have been particularly difficult for vulnerable communities, preventing population recovery for several centuries." The findings have significance for modern day climate change debates which, argues Armit, are often too quick to link historical climate events with changes in population. "The impact of climate change on humans is a huge concern today as we monitor rising temperatures globally," says Armit. "Often, in examining the past, we are inclined to link evidence of climate change with evidence of population change. Actually, if you have high quality data and apply modern analytical techniques, you get a much clearer picture and start to see the real complexity of human/environment relationships in the past." |
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A.M. Costa Rica's Fifth
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| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 229 | |||||||
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| Missouri government plans study of social conditions By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
The governor of Missouri Tuesday announced the formation of a commission to study the underlying social and economic conditions that resulted in riots after an unarmed black teenager was shot dead by a white police officer in the city of Ferguson last August. The incident sparked a debate over racial profiling and police brutality in the St. Louis suburb and in America. Protesters, the majority of them peaceful, have been camping outside Ferguson's police department since August, demanding action. A grand jury is deliberating whether to indict Darren Wilson, the officer who shot Michael Brown. The Ferguson commission of nine blacks and seven whites will conduct hearings, gather evidence and develop policy recommendations. Gov. Jay Nixon has encouraged members to suggest steps to bridge the deep splits in the community. The commission, however, will not have the mandate to investigate any specific police shooting. Phil Gassoway, a Ferguson resident and one of the protesters outside the police department, called Nixon's announcement a joke and accused him of pretending to help. If the governor really wanted to help, he would have announced a board with powers over the police, said Gassoway. Some protest groups have demanded a citizens review board with subpoena and decision-making powers to review police practices and investigate specific incidents involving police violence in the future. Another Ferguson resident, Cassandra Butler, an African-American political scientist who attended the announcement, thought it was a good start, but said the real test would be in the implementation of any recommendations. At a news conference following the announcement about the commission, the governor faced tough questions from some members of the public over his decision to declare a state of emergency and activate the National Guard a day earlier. "If somebody's breaking a window, are they going to get shot down on the street?" one agitated questioner asked. Another wanted to know why the governor was preparing for war when the protests had been peaceful for the last three months. "I'm preparing for peace," Nixon said. He expressed concern about some people who may be coming to instigate or cause harm to people or property, pointing out that protests immediately after Brown's death had turned violent. He promised that authorities would apply principles of community policing. Nixon is not the only person worried about potential violence if the grand jury decides against indicting Wilson. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has said the announcement in the racially charged case "will likely be exploited by some individuals to justify threats and attacks against law enforcement and critical infrastructure." The agency issued the warning a few days ago in a bulletin obtained by news agencies. Akbar Muhammad of the Justice for Michael Brown Leadership Coalition, who is also a member of the Nation of Islam, attended Nixon's news conference. He accused authorities of creating a hysteria in the community. "People are keeping their children out of schools, stocking up on supplies, and then they call in the National Guard," Muhammad said. Other protesters have indicated that the activation of the National Guard should be taken as a threat, saying that in the last few months it's been the police who have unnecessarily engaged them physically. "The police are not properly trained, and when the protesters yell and scream at them, they cannot take it," Gassoway said of the Ferguson police. He described a situation in which police started grabbing some protesters, throwing them to the ground and locking them up. Despite cold weather, the protesters outside the police station have at least one person there most of the time. They say that once the grand jury announces its decision, more will come out to converge there. If there is an indictment, they say they will stay there until Wilson goes to jail. If the jury does not indict, they will demand a new prosecutor. Feds take actions to close the dark side of the Internet By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Federal and international authorities have just closed down a massive Internet drugs and weapons operation and some 400 other so-called dark net websites. For nearly a year, Internet users who knew how to gain access to a special hidden Web site could shop for drugs, false identification documents, Internet hacking tools and illicit goods. The criminal operation came crashing down earlier this month when the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and two European entities, Europol and Eurojust, shut down the site known as Silk Road 2.0. Its operator, Blake Benthall, 26, of San Francisco, California, was arrested and faces four criminal counts. Benthall, who went by the nickname Defcon, is charged with conspiracy to commit narcotics trafficking, conspiracy to commit computer hacking, conspiracy to traffic in fraudulent identification documents, and conspiracy to engage in money laundering. If convicted, he could spend decades in prison. The FBI said Silk Road 2.0 had about 150,000 users who transacted some $96 million in drug and other sales during its 12-month existence. Seventeen Internet site administrators and service vendors were also arrested and face varying charges. Authorities also seized over $1 million worth of bitcoin, a form of digital currency, 180,000 Euros in cash, and quantities of drugs, gold and silver. Included in the investigation known as Operation Onymous was the shutdown of more than 400 dark Internet sites, ones that operated on the Tor network, which makes users anonymous through special routers disguising origins. Dark net sites are part of a larger section of the Internet known as Deep Web that includes many sites either hidden from view or not searchable through standard search engines, such as Google. Tor describes itself as “a network of virtual tunnels that allows people and groups to improve their privacy and security on the Internet. ... Tor provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organizations and individuals to share information over public networks without compromising their privacy.” Author Rob Price, writing in the Business Insider’s Daily Dot, reported that the servers on which Silk Road 2.0 operated were located in Lithuania. Price wrote that these servers led authorities to Benthall. “Defcon, a.k.a. Blake Benthall,” he wrote, “made no real attempt to hide his identity, registering the servers to the e-mail address ‘blake@benthall.net.’ ” Federal officials also said they identified Benthall as Silk Road 2.0’s purveyor through an inside informant. In the federal complaint against Benthall, authorities said a Homeland Security Investigations agent acting in an undercover capacity, successfully infiltrated the support staff involved in running the Silk Road 2.0 Web site and was provided access to private areas of the Web site available to Blake Benthall, the defendant, and his administrative staff. In that role, the agent regularly interacted directly with Blake Benthall.” Authorities said Benthall started Silk Road 2.0 after another drugs and other contraband Internet marketplace, the original “Silk Road,” was shut down by authorities in October 2013. The first Silk Road began operations in February 2011, run by Ross William Ulbricht, who went by the moniker Dread Pirate Roberts. The original Silk Road site is believed to have trafficked in $1.2 billion worth of drugs and weapons during its 2.5- year lifespan. Ulbricht, who has entered not guilty pleas to all charges, is scheduled to face trial in January. Benthall’s Silk Road 2.0 had features similar to legitimate shopping Web sites, such as pages with products, and descriptions and prices for quantity of drugs or other contraband. The final transaction was processed through 2.0’s bitcoin payment system. Bitcoin is not a traditional currency. However, it can function as a currency to facilitate transactions internationally, especially over the Internet. However, bitcoins are traceable by investigators, explained Peter Van Valkenburgh, director of research at Coin Center, a nonprofit research and advocacy center focused on crypto-currencies. “Unlike real cash, bitcoin leaves a paper trail. Bitcoin has a ledger, called the block chain, that lists all transactions across the network,” Van Valkenburgh said. “It's pseudonymous so your name isn't there, but a unique address made of numbers and letters is," he said. "And investigators can track funds moving in and out of that address until they find a link in the transaction history that they can identify, like when you bought the bitcoins on an exchange using a credit card, or bought something with the same bitcoin address on a Web site that wasn't part of the dark net like Overstock.com where your IP address or other personal identifying information could have been recorded.” One lawmaker who wants robust federal action to shut down the dark net and its illicit sites is New York Sen. Charles Schumer. Schumer sent a letter in October to U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, demanding increasing oversight on technologies that make the dark net possible. Schumer has also called on the U.S. Justice Department to step up its efforts against the drug trade. Drug and other illegal sales on the dark net continue nearly unabated. In an article appearing on Vice.com Nov. 7, writer Mike Power wrote: “Long term, this bust makes no difference. A new . . . Web site will be online in a few days, selling drugs to anyone who wants them. … In fact, there are dozens online already.” African Union seeks to end long tradition of child brides By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Mozambique has one of the world’s highest rates of child marriage driven by strong social and cultural traditions, despite the practice being illegal. Early marriage compromises girls’ right to education and can have a devastating impact on their health. The African Union has pledged to stop all child marriages within a generation. In a sandy suburb of Pemba in northern Mozambique, 16-year-old Rachel bounces her daughter on her knee before handing the fidgety toddler to her sister. Rachel, who did not want to reveal her real name and asked not to be recorded, describes how at 14, she got pregnant. “My big sister insisted that I stay in school,” she said. “There are many here who have babies at a young age but normally, they leave school to get married and continue to have children every year after that. Some think marriage is a guarantee of security,” she said. It’s a familiar narrative in Mozambique where 52 percent of girls marry before they are 18. Ceremonies with dancing and music mark the beginning of the mostly secretive initiation rites season in Pemba. Girls are removed from school when they have their first menstruation, sometimes before, and are kept away for days, weeks, or even months to undergo initiation by the matronas, female community elders. It is so accepted in this northern province that the school calendar has been adapted to accommodate the practice. Initiation rites prepare girls for married life in Mozambique with training in submissiveness, domestic duties, the art of seduction and may include female genital mutilation in the belief that it will increase male sexual pleasure. After going through initiation, girls are considered ready for marriage. Françoise Moudouthe, Africa regional officer for Girls Not Brides, said child marriage often forces girls to drop out of school and to have children before their bodies are mature enough. “Most of them are expected to enter into sexual intercourse very early, before her body is ready. She’s also very often expected to have children to prove her value as a wife and the consequences of early pregnancy for a girl, especially the youngest child bride, is really dramatic. Girls, who are married before age 15, are five times more likely to die or be injured in childbirth than girls over age 19,” said Moudouthe. Nyaradzayi Gumbonzvanda, the African Union goodwill ambassador for the campaign to end child marriage in Africa, said the practice is a violation of the fundamental rights of girls. She believes that if governments, women and youth movements, faith and traditional leaders pull together, it can be ended within a generation. “Getting into early marriage should not be an option out of poverty. It is important that our girls have access to education, not only primary education but are able to transition into secondary, tertiary education and get jobs or are involved in some entrepreneurship… We need to also address some of the very strong patriarchal attitudes where girls are seen as wives and not citizens. Girls are not getting married to boys, girls are getting married to adult men who are supposed to be responsible,” said Ms. Gumbonzvanda. She argued that current social traditions in Mozambique to initiate girls into womanhood should not be banned, but rather adapted with more positive age-appropriate messages to equip girls with vital skills so they do not have to depend solely on marriage. Slowly, attitudes are changing in Pemba as men and women are progressively exposed to information through media and better education. Child-to-child radio programs debate issues pertinent to young people, giving them a stronger voice in the community. National campaigns raising health awareness are helping parents learn about the detrimental impact of early marriage. Rachel’s parents are stalling her completion of the initiation rites in the belief it might help her stay in school. “I really like to study, and when I finish, I want a job, I want to be financially independent,” Rachel said. For Rachel and her sisters living in a modest concrete house in Pemba, they aspire to have more than what they have grown up with - whether it is the latest fashion, or a smartphone, or a career that gives them freedom and independence. |
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2014 and may
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| A.M. Costa Rica's sixth news page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 229 | |||||||||
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Bill to rein
in NSA fails in U.S. Senate
By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
A bill that would have ended the U.S. government's bulk collection of Americans' phone records was defeated in the U.S. Senate Tuesday. The Democratic-controlled Senate voted 58-42 to move the bill to a formal debate, falling two votes short of the 60 required. The bill, dubbed the U.S.A. Freedom Act, would have required the National Security Agency to obtain a court order to retrieve data, and then only about a specific person. The Republican-held House of Representatives had previously passed its own version of the bill. The legislation was crafted after former NSA contractor Edward Snowden revealed the bulk collection program in 2013. Although the agency did not collect the contents of the phone conversations, the revelations still triggered a backlash among civil liberties activists who said the program violated Americans' privacy. The bill was supported by the Obama administration and technology companies such as Facebook, Google and Apple. But Senate Republicans said the legislation would undermine the government's ability to combat terrorism. There is little chance the bill will come up for another vote before January, when Republicans take control of the Senate. Electronic cigarettes creates new word By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
This year's English word of the year, as chosen by the Oxford Dictionaries, is vape. Vape is the verb that describes inhaling and exhaling the vapor from an electronic cigarette or similar device. It can also be used as a noun referring to the action or the device. Oxford editors say "you are thirty times more likely to come across the word vape than you were two years ago." They say usage has more than doubled in the past year. Last year's word of the year was selfie — a photo taken of yourself with a smartphone or other camera. Vape was officially added to the OxfordDictionaries.com Web site in August. It defeated several other words deemed significant this year in becoming the top pick. Animal adoption fair Saturday By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The Asociación Animales de Asís will be offering cats, kittens, dogs and puppies for adoption Saturday at the Walmart in Heredia from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The animals are all castrated and vaccinated. A donation is requested. |
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| From Page 7: Entrepreneurship featured with many events By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The high point of Costa Rica's Semana Global del Emprendimiento will be, appropriately, the new age guru Deepak Chopra, who has parlayed a medical degree into a $100 million business. He is scheduled to speak Nov. 24, but there are many other activities promoting what is called in English the Global Entrepreneurship Week. Since its founding in 2007, the week has blossomed to now include activities in 130 countries. Activities in Costa Rica started Nov. 4 and have the support of many major firms. A calendar is HERE! In all there are some 40 activities centered on the theme. In addition to discussions, there have been some concrete actions. Grupo Nación participated in the formation of a business incubator, and President Luis Guillermo Solís is scheduled to announce a national policy of entrepreneurship. There also are discussions scheduled with persons who have started and run successfully their own businesses. None has been as successful as Chopra who promotes the belief that mind controls matter and that the right approach can extend life. His talk at the Centro de Eventos Pedregal has admissions ranging from 162,400 to 29,120 colons, some $304 to $53.60. |
