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A.M. Costa Rica's Second news page |
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San
José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 225
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Rail service gets
so-so rating from users
By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
On a scale of 10 the nation's passenger rail service rates just 56 with its customers, according to the Contraloría General de la República. The watchdog agency reported on a study of the train service Wednesday. Then it recommended that the Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles do more service to customers. The complaints include overcrowding in the rail cars and inconsistent arrival and departure times. There also have been problems of access to the rail stations and getting information to users, said the Contraloría. The report also noted that the rail institute is behind in providing a link to Alajuela from Heredia, even though there still is plenty of money in the budget. In 2013 the rail service, which began again in 2005, saw 3.1 million customers. The system now includes a Pavas to Curridabat service, an Heredia-San José line, a service from San Antonio de Belén to San José and a San José to Cartago line. The Heredia to Alajuela link will be 11 kilometers. The rail system is seen as a way to reduce the traffic congestion in the Central Valley. Vehicle loophole targeted by new bill By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
There is a new bill being presented in the legislature that seeks to control piques, drag races, but it has nothing to do with those late night informal contests on the Central Valley main strips. The bill, presented by Carlos Hernández of Frente Amplio, seeks to close what he calls a loophole in the 2012 traffic law that allows municipalities to give permission to shut off local streets for events like festivals. He cited a case in Turrubares in July where two children were injured as spectators of a road racing event. Other municipalities have supported similar events. His solution is to require permission from the Dirección General de Ingeniería de Tránsito for vehicle events. The bill is 19.404. Millions of migratory raptors spotted By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Center reports that an incredible 2 million migratory raptors were counted over Panama City Nov. 2. The center said that this was more than twice the previous record counted by individuals taking the bird census. This figure is also a record-setter in the annual tallies kept by the Audubon Society of Panama since 2004, it said. The birds are on a thousand kilometer journey from North to South America, said the institute. Some 3 million birds in total are expected to be traveling south. “The official count from Sunday’s massive raptor migration is 2,105,060 birds, most of them Turkey vultures and Swainson’s hawks,” said George Angehr, a Smithsonian ornithologist and authority on Panama’s bird life. “A large percentage of the world population of Swainson’s hawks probably passed through on their way from the Great Plains to Argentina.” He was quoted by the institute. This one-day total may also be the single largest recorded in the Americas, the institute said. Bad weather in Central America may create a bottleneck, limiting migration when it is rainy or cloudy, said Angehr. “When you get good flying conditions after several days of rain, they take advantage,” he said. “There must have been at least 100 miles of raptors. There was a river of birds passing all day.” Raptors conserve energy during migration by riding columns of warm air that only form over land. Because the Isthmus of Panama is so narrow, birds are forced together and are easily seen. While the majority of the raptors are vultures and Swainson’s hawks, expert birders may spot some 20 species, said the institute. “These birds migrate by day and at night they need the forests that we have around the city — the humid forests and also the mangrove forests,” Rosabel Miró, the executive director of the Audubon in Panama, told news station TVN-2. She added this reinforces the need for legislation to protect the mangroves of the Bay of Panama. She also was quoted by the institute. The count, sponsored by Fundación Natura, is carried out from Oct. 1 to Nov. 18 on Ancon Hill, the landmark at the Pacific gateway to the Panama Canal.
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A.M. Costa Rica Third News Page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 225 | |
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| President's minister gets a reprieve from the constitutional
court |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
The Sala IV constitutional court once again has decided that a section of the Costa Rican Constitution is unconstitutional. The decision, released after a vote Wednesday, allows Melvin Jiménez Marín to continue serving as minister of the Presidencia, a powerful position in the executive branch. The appointment of Jiménez had been challenged because Article 142 (3) of the Constitution says that a government minister must be secular. Jiménez is an ordained Lutheran priest who holds the rank of bishop. The phrase in Spanish is ser del estado seglar. In a summary released by the Poder Judicial, the Sala IV agreed with an argument that had been advanced informally. The court decided that the prohibition of clerics only related to the Roman Catholic Church due to what is said were historical and constitutional reasons. However, the Costa Rican Constitutional clearly recognizes other religions in Article 75 that gives them the right to exercise their beliefs freely. Juménez held a press conference after the ruling was released in which he said the role of a bishop in the Lutheran Church was different than that of a similarly placed Catholic because Lutherans do not accept authority from foreigners. Presumably he meant the pope in Rome. The Poder Judicial in its belief summary also said that Sala IV magistrates said the constitutional limitation also violated the American Convention on Human Rights because it prohibits participation in public matters. Two magistrates disagreed with the decision, and one said the case should not have been accepted. |
![]() Casa Presidencial photo
Melvin Jiménez is flanked
by two legal advisers.Magistrate Nancy Hernández López said that Jiménez clearly was not secular whether or not he still was a bishop. She said the prohibition was justified because a cleric could have a strong influence as a minister, an influence that would be diluted if the individual was simply a lawmakers and one of 57. Magistrate Luis Fernando Salazar Alvarado said that whether or not Jiménez had stepped down as bishop or was suspended from his religious duties he could assume them easily if he left government. Magistrate Paul Rueda Leal said that the appeal against Jiménez had been filed too early and before the minister actually took office. The Constitution is full of such prohibitions. Even to be a magistrate a candidate has to be secular, it says There also are age and citizenship requirements. These would seem to be put in doubt by the Sala IV decision. The court last made news in challenging the Constitution when it decided on the second attempt that former president Óscar Arias Sánchez could run again for that office even though the Constitution said he could not. |
| Planning and a good design defeat the blazing tropical sun
in Osa |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica staff
There is a good chance there will be screams each month when expats in places like Jacó get the electric bill. Some say they are dropping $400 a month because of air conditioning. But a new eco lodge in Drake Bay has been built with the idea that passive cooling is better than expensive air conditioning. The location is the Drake Bay Getaway Resort operated by Patrick Ludwig and Yens Jimenez Steller, formerly of Seattle, Washington. Passive cooling is what Great Grandma used to do before residential air conditioning proliferated with some modern twists. The pair reported that all the cabins are kept cool with white roofs, ceiling fans, cross ventilation, and eco-friendly architectural design. And, of course, the hot shower is courtesy of the sun. There are five cabins with ocean and rainforest views, the pair noted. The lodge was finished about three weeks ago, and the pair estimate that they will be saving 2,700 kilowatts of power per month, thanks to the passive cooling considerations. They figure that's about $850 per month. The lodge began as Drake Bay Cafe. Now there is a butterfly garden, too, Drake Bay is on the west side of the Osa peninsula and the Parque Nacional Corcovado in southwestern Costa Rica. |
![]() Drake Bay Getaway Resort photo
White roofs and bay breezes help
cool the interior. |
| You need to see Costa Rican tourism information HERE! |
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| A.M. Costa Rica's Fourth News page | |||||
| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 225 | |||||
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| Researcher studies how women manage to cope amid warfare |
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By
the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Whether it was centuries ago, or today, women have suffered greatly in war even though they are usually not combatants. Stories passed down through the generations indicate they used their wits to make the best of terrible circumstances. Michelle Scalise Sugiyama, an anthropology instructor at the University of Oregon, studied those stories. They come from North American Indian tribes, the Eskimo of the Arctic, Australia’s aborigines, the San of South Africa and tribes in South America. She says both native people and anthropologists agree that hunter-gatherers passed down their knowledge by telling tales not by writing them down. “My main interest is the role that story telling has played in human evolution and how far back it dates in human pre-history. And the basic argument that I make in my research is that it dates back thousands of years, tens of thousands of years to when all humans on the planet were making their living by hunting and gathering. So I just started asking myself, well, what kinds of information does it take to make a living as a hunter-gatherer? What are some of the problems that they face on a regular basis? And warfare is one of those problems.” She said that there’s a lot of research in evolutionary psychology on warfare and when it emerged in human pre-history. But she said there’s little information on women and war through the ages. “The research focuses on men because warfare is primarily waged by men, especially in forager societies. Women are victims of it. They defend themselves, but they don’t really participate in attacking other groups. The research is focused on why males would be motivated to engage in this behavior. What the possible benefits are, on how male psychology has been shaped to enable males to engage in warfare,” she said. Ms. Scalise Sugiyama said oral stories provide long-term patterns of behavior that archeology, for example, cannot provide. She says more men die in war than women, but adds that women are affected by war in many ways. “Death in violent interactions is not the only potential cost of warfare, especially in the case of women. Women are often taken captive and children, too, whereas men are more likely to be killed. They don’t |
tend to be taken
captive. So that just started me thinking about the different
ways in which warfare affects women,” she said. She gave an example of
how women in the midst of war could react. “If a woman was taken captive and she wanted to escape, well, one really useful piece of information would be what the terrain is like between the enemy village that you’ve been taken to and her natal village – the village that she’s trying to get back to. You have to be able to find your way back. Another set of useful information would be, well, how do these different enemy groups -- living around me -- how do they treat their captives? Do they tend to adopt them into the tribe and treat them like group members? Do they torture them? Do they rape them?” So, would it be better to fight her attacker or go along as a captive knowing she would not be killed? Another possible strategy, she said, is the use of sex by women to escape. The anthropology instructor said the so-called Stockholm Syndrome may have ancestral roots. It’s when hostages bond with their captors during abusive conditions. “When I started researching it I was surprised to discover that there are actually no validated criteria for diagnosing it. And it’s not recognized as a psychiatric disorder or condition by the medical community. And so that suggests that it might actually be a coping mechanism or a coping strategy. It may increase the captive’s chances of survival by motivating her to identify with her captor and adopt his views and the views of his society so she can fit in in this new society,” she said. Ms. Scalise Sugiyama said she wonders what the psychological state might be of hundreds of girls kidnapped earlier this year by Nigeria’s Boko Haram militant group. “When women are taken captive they’re put in this really difficult position, which is: you don’t know if you’re going to be rescued or not. So, you don’t know if you’re going to spend the rest of your life in this new society in which you’re basically an enemy, an outsider or if you’re going to manage to get back to your natal group, you know, your own people.” She added the research could lead to better social and psychological help for women affected by war. The findings appear in Springer’s journal Human Nature. |
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A.M. Costa Rica's Fifth
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 225 | |||||||
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| Americans have little faith in privacy of communication By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
A new study released Wednesday shows Americans are concerned about a growing loss of online privacy in an increasingly digital world and that trust in both government and private industry to protect sensitive information is dropping. The study, conducted by the Pew Research Center’s Internet and American Life Project, explores the definition and importance of privacy to Americans while using the Internet or mobile phones. It also explores which technologies are the most and least trusted, and where users place the blame for eroding privacy and security. “We’re seeing folks are thinking about their privacy as being bound up in the security of various platforms,” said Mary Madden, a Pew senior researcher and lead author of the report. Madden said the project was spawned by in part by revelations of hidden U.S. National Security Agency surveillance programs, as well as reports of massive credit information theft online. “In the wake of Edward Snowden’s revelations of government surveillance and high profile consumer data breaches, we wanted to get a sense of how these events might be affecting top of mind for the American public and what they’re thinking about privacy,” she said. “We found eight in ten respondents think Americans should be more concerned about government surveillance,” Ms. Madden said. “And on the consumer side, nine in ten say they agree that consumers have lost control over how their personal information is collected and used by companies, which tracks with other research we’ve done.” When it comes to defining what exactly privacy means in the digital world, respondents came up with a wide variety of answers and definitions, Ms. Madden said. But many of those definitions revolved around concepts of security and safety while online, meaning that for many privacy and security are two sides of the same coin. “This study really points to the complexity of the issue and just how, over the past year and a half in particular, a lot of these issues around privacy and security are converging,” she said. “What’s interesting is that in the tech world and even the law, privacy and security tend to be separate conversations in their separate communities. But increasingly we’re seeing the public thinking about their privacy as being bound up in the security of various platforms.” Confidence in those platforms, however, was almost universally low among respondents. Researchers asked participants about their confidence using six communication channels: landline phones, mobile phones, text messages, email, instant messaging, and social media. All scored poorly. “There’s not a single channel we asked about that a majority of adults feel secure using,” Ms. Madden said. “So, even for landline phones, the highest trusted channel, only 16 percent of adults said they feel very secure. The least trusted mode was social media, with 81 percent feeling not very secure or not at all secure.” Ms. Madden said she and other researchers were surprised to find very few age-related differences among respondents concerned about their online privacy. The biggest difference appears to be that while older Americans are more likely to have heard about private data breaches or government surveillance programs, younger Americans are more likely to have tried to manage their own digital footprint online. As to what specific types of information or data Americans are most concerned about keeping private, far and away the most sensitive were Social Security numbers, health care and the content of phone and email conversations. Curiously, many respondents were not at all concerned about information such as personal shopping habits, favored media, political views, and who they’re friends with. As researcher Adam Tanner previously reported, those very data sets are increasingly being used to create hundreds of millions of what her calls surprisingly intimate portraits of individuals, which corporations then buy and sell to each other. Pew’s Ms. Madden said the study did not examine how Americans might be changing their behavior to protect their privacy online. That, she said, will be the subject of the next study. But she did say that it’s clear Americans are concerned about a growing loss of privacy in an increasingly digital world, and that trust across all entities and platforms is falling. Special deals for big users highlights Internet battle By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
A political fight is brewing in Washington over proposed changes to the way the Internet is regulated in the United States. One side wants rules to forgo plans to charge extra for certain heavy users. The other side says new regulations will slow the economic growth sparked by the Internet. Both sides say their particular approach encourages continued innovation. Earlier this year, regulators proposed big changes in the way the Internet operates in the United States. The Federal Communications Commission voted to offer a plan that could allow internet service providers like AT&T, Verizon and Comcast to make deals with companies like Google and Facebook to provide them with faster paths for their content to consumers. The plan is opposed by consumer groups, some Web companies, a majority of people questioned in a University of Delaware study, and U.S. President Barack Obama. “Ever since the Internet was created, it has been organized around basic principles of openness, fairness and freedom. There are no gatekeepers deciding which sites you get to access, there are no toll roads on the information superhighway. This set of principles, the idea of net neutrality, has unleashed the power of the Internet and given innovators the chance to thrive. Abandoning these principles would end the Internet as we know it," said the president. The Federal Communications Commission is an independent regulator, so Obama cannot just order the commissioners to make changes. Monday he tried to persuade them to regulate consumer broadband services like a public utility. Economist and former FCC commissioner Harold Furchtgott-Roth, said this industry contributes hundreds of billions of dollars to the economy, and calls new regulations unnecessary and unwise. "American online companies are the leading online companies in the world in practically every field. I think that is in part a result of our lighter regulatory approach relative to a lot of other countries," said Furchtgott-Roth. He said proposals to regulate the Internet as if it was a phone company would interfere in many decisions like pricing and relations with customers that are better left to the entrepreneurs who run the business. The former regulator said even the threat of new rules discourages the investments needed to sustain the innovation that turned the Internet into an engine of economic growth. Many of his views on Internet regulation are shared by some Republican members of Congress and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, which speaks for many major businesses. The issue seems likely to be one that regulators, the courts and Congress will fight over in the months ahead. ![]() European Space Agency photo
The comet was not a smooth
surface as scientists hopedHistoric
landing on comet
was not without problems By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
A European Space Agency probe has made a historic landing on a comet, but its status remains uncertain after harpoons failed to anchor it to the surface. Agency officials said the lander, Philae, touched down on schedule Wednesday after a seven-hour descent from its orbiting mother ship, Rosetta. But during the free fall to the comet's surface, harpoons designed to anchor the probe failed to deploy. Officials said the craft might have briefly lifted off after the initial landing on Comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko before touching back down again. The landing was the climax of a 10-year, 6 billion-kilometer journey from Earth. Rosetta had to slingshot three times around Earth and once around Mars before it could work up enough speed to reach the comet, which it did in August. While the European Space Agency still needs to ascertain the state of the 100-kilogram lander, the fact that it is resting on the surface of the comet already was a huge success. The agency hopes to know more about the state of the probe by Thursday. Scientists hope that samples drilled out from the comet will unlock details about how the planets evolved. Comets date to the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. Scientists suspect impacting comets delivered water to the young Earth. Rosetta and the Philae craft have cameras and nearly two dozen instruments to probe the comet's surface and to analyze the material below it. The box-shaped, 100-kg (220-pound) Philae landed on the comet around 16 hours Universal Time (10 a.m. Costa Rican time) Wednesday, seven hours after separating from Rosetta. The mission was considered risky because of the unknown surface of the comet and a problem with the thruster that was supposed to keep the probe from bouncing back into space. Engineers designed the lander not knowing what type of terrain they would find on the comet's surface. Rosetta has been taking pictures of the comet and collecting samples from its atmosphere as it approaches the sun, showing it was not as smooth as initially hoped. The team had to release the three-legged lander at exactly the right time and speed because there was no way of controlling it on its descent. The touchdown is a first in space history. It is a proud moment for European space research and, as agency Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain pointed out, for mankind. "This is a big step for human civilization. ... This is certainly terrestrial intelligence," said Dordain. After a period out of radio contact, mission control linked back up with both Rosetta and Philae as expected shortly after 1100 GMT, the ESA said. Inhaled vaccine providing monkeys ebola protection By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
Researchers have developed a single-dose, needle-free ebola vaccine that protects monkeys against infection for more than four months. The vaccine is administered through the nose, protecting the primates via the respiratory tract. One key advantage, according to researcher Maria Croyle of the University of Texas at Austin, is that the vaccine could potentially prevent transmission of the virus from unintentional needle sticks through the unsafe handling of medical waste. News of the vaccine is reported in Molecular Pharmaceuticals, a journal of the American Chemical Society. The inhaled vaccine uses a harmless adenovirus, which causes the common cold, to deliver the vaccine. In a study involving macaque monkeys, none of the three primates that received the vaccine became infected when exposed to the ebola virus at least 21 weeks later. The researchers also gave the vaccine to the macaques through intravenous injection, which also protected the animals. The investigators say more work is needed on the formula. An under-the-tongue formulation of the vaccine is also in development. At least two other candidate vaccines against ebola are in clinical trials in the United States and Africa. Alabama dog fighting case results in prison sentences By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
A U.S. federal court in Alabama has sentenced eight suspects for running what authorities call the second largest dog fighting ring in U.S. history. The defendants will spend from six months to eight years in prison. They also will be banned from owning dogs after they are freed and could face large fines to help pay for caring for the rescued dogs. Prosecutors say the dogs suffered extraordinary cruelty and lived in deplorable conditions. The animals were forced to fight and were killed if they lost. The fights also attracted drug dealers and illegal gambling. Police with help from two animal rights groups broke up the dog fighting ring last year. Dog fighting is outlawed in the United States. The farm bill President Barack Obama signed earlier this year also makes it illegal to attend a dog fight, and imposes even stronger punishment for bringing a child to such an event. The country's most notorious dog fighting case involved NFL star Michael Vick, who spent nearly two years in prison for his part in running a dog fighting ring in 2007. |
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| What we published this week: | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Earlier |
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2014 and may
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| A.M. Costa Rica's sixth news page |
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| San José, Costa Rica, Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 225 | |||||||||
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N.Y. Times rejects
Chinese threat
By the A.M. Costa Rica wire services
The New York Times is vowing to not alter its coverage of China, after President Xi Jinping appeared to confirm Beijing is punishing foreign news outlets for publishing critical stories. President Xi's comments came Wednesday during a news conference alongside President Barack Obama in Beijing. When asked by a Times reporter why foreign journalists had difficulties obtaining visas, Xi suggested the reporters themselves were to blame, saying media outlets "need to obey China's laws and regulations." "When a car breaks down on the road, perhaps we need to get off the car to see where the problem lies. And when a certain issue is raised as a problem, there must be a reason. In Chinese, we have a saying: ‘The party which has created a problem should be the one to help resolve it.’ So perhaps we should look into the problem to see where the cause lies," Xi said. China has repeatedly failed to issue visas for Times reporters and blocked access to the paper's English and Chinese language sites after it published a series of stories exposing alleged wealth accumulated by the country's leaders. In a statement Wednesday, the Times editorial board said Xi's message was clear: "He was warning foreign news organizations that their troubles are self-inflicted; they are being penalized for unfavorable or controversial news coverage." The editorial board said it does not intend to alter its coverage to meet the demands of any government, including China, the United States, or any other nation, insisting no credible news organization would do so. "Demanding that journalists tailor their coverage to suit the state only protects the powerful and those with something to hide. A confident regime that considers itself a world leader should be able to handle truthful examination and criticism," the editorial continued. Many foreign reporters interpreted Xi's comments as confirmation that Beijing's official policy is to discriminate against those who write stories critical of China's leaders. Some took to Twitter to mock the president's statement. Others pointed out that Xi did not specify which Chinese law reporters are breaking when they write such stories. When pressed on the issue in the past, China's foreign ministry has also failed to disclose which exact law was broken, instead citing minor bureaucratic technicalities. The murkiness has left many foreign journalists in China wondering what they can and cannot write and in fear of whether they and their families will be allowed to stay in the country if they cross a certain line. The Times says six of its journalists have failed to receive visas in recent years, including columnist Nicholas Kristof, who was denied a visa last week. Other news organizations also have experienced such visa restrictions and are subject to censorship. China has defended its policies by saying it gives vastly more access to foreign reporters than it did in past decades, before it began its process of opening up to the outside world. |
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| From Page 7: Banco Nacional plans eco fair today and Friday By the A.M. Costa Rica staff
Banco Nacional plans an eco fair today and Friday in the first floor of the downtown main office. Various companies that sell ecologically friendly products will display them. In addition the bank has a special mortgaging program for eco-friendly dwellings, it said. The loan can be for up to 40 years, it said. The bank also is promoting and presumably will finance solar water heaters and electrical generating systems that will allow the owner to sell power back to the local network. The bank also is offering a green credit card that provides income to the Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal. |